Detection of Multiple Human Sapoviruses from Imported Frozen Individual Clams |
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Authors: | Setsuko Iizuka Reiko Takai-Todaka Hitoshi Ohshiro Masaaki Kitajima Qiuhong Wang Linda J. Saif Takaji Wakita Mamoru Noda Kazuhiko Katayama Tomoichiro Oka |
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Affiliation: | 1. Division of Virology, Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Shimane, Japan 2. Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan 3. Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 4. Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA 5. Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract: | Sapovirus (SaV), a member of the family Caliciviridae, is an important acute gastroenteritis pathogen in humans. Consumption of raw or inadequately cooked clams is one transmission route of human SaV. Sixty individual clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) were from market and tested for human SaVs using two nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays, one of which was recently developed and effectively detected human SaV from environmental water samples. The nested RT-PCR effective for water samples showed a higher detection rate (68.3 %, 41 of 60 clams) than the other nested RT-PCR (43.3 %, 26 of 60 clams). Based on the sequence analysis of the partial capsid region, SaV strains detected in this study were classified into nine genotypes: GI.1, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.7, GII.3, GII.4, GIV.1, and GV.1. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of multiple genogroups and/or genotypes of SaV strains in the individual clams. Using a more sensitive assay such as we described to test individual clam samples will help to identify the source of a SaV-gastroenteritis outbreak. |
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