秸秆还田下不同追氮量对麦田土壤真菌群落结构和生态网络的影响

秸秆还田和肥料施用是农田土壤养分输入的主要来源，秸秆还田条件下配合适宜的化肥施用量能够在环境友好的前提下为作物生产提供必要的营养.为明确秸秆还田条件下不同追氮量对麦田土壤真菌群落的影响，从土壤生态功能角度评估冬小麦氮肥管理措施的合理性.在秸秆全量还田基施氮肥150 kg·hm^-2基础上，多年定位设置5个追氮量(0、 37.5、 75、 112.5和150 kg·hm^-2)处理，采用实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术分析冬小麦成熟期土壤真菌群落丰度、多样性、结构和生态网络，探讨驱动土壤真菌群落变化的主要土壤理化因子.结果表明，和不追施氮肥和低追氮量处理相比，高追氮量处理增加了土壤全氮和无机氮含量，降低了土壤pH值、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量.和不追施氮肥处理相比，追氮量37.5～150 kg·hm^-2处理显著增加了土壤真菌群落丰度(P<0.05),而追施氮肥各处理间差异未达显著水平(P>0.05).土壤真菌群落Heip指数和Shannon指数随追氮量的增加逐渐降低，追氮量150 kg·hm^-2

Effects of Different Topdressing Nitrogen Rates on Soil Fungal Community Structure and Ecological Network in Wheat Field Under Crop Residue Retention

Crop residue retention and fertilizer application are the main sources of soil nutrient input in fields. Crop residue retention combined with appropriate fertilizer application rates could provide necessary nutrients for crop production under the premise of environmentally friendly conditions. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of different topdressing nitrogen rates on the soil fungal community in a wheat field under crop residue retention and to evaluate the rationality of nitrogen fertilizer management in winter wheat from the perspective of soil ecological function. On the basis of full straw retention and 150 kg·hm^-2 basal nitrogen, treatments with five topdressing nitrogen rates (0, 37.5, 75, 112.5, and 150 kg·hm^-2) were set up. The abundance, diversity, structure, and ecological network of soil fungal communities were analyzed using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and high-throughput sequencing, and the main soil physical and chemical factors driving the change in soil fungal communities were explored. The results showed that, compared with the no topdressing nitrogen and low topdressing nitrogen rate treatments, high topdressing nitrogen rate treatments increased soil total nitrogen and mineral nitrogen and decreased soil pH, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Compared with the no topdressing nitrogen treatments, the 37.5-150 kg·hm^-2 topdressing nitrogen treatments significantly increased soil fungal community abundance (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference among different topdressing nitrogen treatments (P>0.05). The Heip index and Shannon index of soil fungal communities decreased gradually with the increase in topdressing nitrogen rate, and the Sobs index, Heip index, and Shannon index of soil fungal communities in the treatment with 150 kg·hm^-2 topdressing nitrogen were significantly lower than those of 0-75 kg·hm^-2 topdressing nitrogen treatments (P<0.05). Principal component analysis and similarity analysis showed that there were significant differences in soil fungal community structure under different topdressing nitrogen rate treatments (P<0.05). With the increase in topdressing nitrogen rate, the number of network edges and average number of neighbors of soil fungal ecological network increased first and then decreased, and the network complexity of 37.5 kg·hm^-2 topdressing nitrogen treatments was the highest. Compared with 0-75 kg·hm^-2 topdressing nitrogen treatments, 112.5 kg·hm^-2 and 150 kg·hm^-2 topdressing nitrogen treatments increased the characteristic path length of the soil fungal ecological network, whereas it decreased the network density. With the increase in topdressing nitrogen rate, the relative abundance of soil saprotrophs gradually increased, and the pathotroph-saprotroph-symbiotroph relative abundance gradually decreased. Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH, total phosphorus, mineral nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were the main soil physicochemical factors affecting the soil fungal community structure in the wheat field under different topdressing nitrogen rate treatments. In conclusion, on the basis of straw retention and basal nitrogen, topdressing nitrogen at the wheat jointing stage could change the diversity, structure, and species composition of the soil fungal community, in turn affecting the soil fungal ecological network and function, and high topdressing nitrogen rates could reduce soil fungal community diversity, ecological network complexity, and network density.