Scramble competition polygyny in thirteen-lined ground squirrels: the relative contributions of overt conflict and competitive mate searching

Summary The scramble competition polygyny of male thirteen-lined ground squirrels involves overt conflict and sperm competition as well as competitive mate searching. The overt conflict component of intrasexual competition occurs sporadically: males sometimes are able to mate in the complete absence of competitors, while on other occasions up to five other males may be present. We examined the immediate effects of conflict on male mating behavior, and found that it increases the time spent in pursuit of an estrous female, reduces the efficiency of copulating, but carries only a small risk of exclusion from mating. In contrast to some other sciurid species, dominance appears to be a poor predictor of the mating success of male thirteen-lined ground squirrels. However, skill at locating females is very important. Because overt conflict seldom results in exclusion from mating opportunities, and because females of this species accept multiple mates, success in copulating conforms closely with success in mate searching: the sheer number of estrous females located is a consistently strong predictor of male mating success. Furthermore, individual differences in mate location ability seem to generate levels of variance in male copulatory success that are comparable to those of more combative species.