流域水权市场中的节水激励

流域水权制度是否具有内在的节水激励是能否纾缓一个国家或地区水资源危机的关键.水权再分配机制是水权制度的重要组成部分,而水权市场则是水权再分配机制的方式之一.该文通过构建节水投资收益净现值(NPV)模型,分析水权市场对节水激励的作用,讨论各因素对不同层次用水户进行节水投资决策的不同影响,并且应用节水投资收益净现值模型对黄河流域进行了案例分析.分析表明:有效的流域水权市场能够激励用水者进行节水投资,获得水权交易收益,同时缓解水资源供需矛盾,实现流域水资源的优化配置;跨地区跨行业的水权交易由于规模大,需要的投资金额多,交易成本较高,只能由较高级别的水资源管理机构或取水工程完成,但需要采取适当的节水设施管理方式;地区内行业内的水权交易规模小,需要的投资金额少,交易成本低.对于微观用水户具有激励作用,但需要政府提供相应的信贷支持.

Water-saving Incentive in Water Markets

Whether water right system has internal water-saving incentive is very important for relaxing water crisis of a country or area. Water market is one way of water reallocation mechanism, which is an important component of water right system. This article discusses the influences of several factors on two classes of water users separately depending on a NPV (Net Profit Value) model. A case of the Yellow River was analyzed using the NPV model. The results show that an effective water market can provide encouragement for water users in water-saving investment. Water-saving investors can get profit from water market and water crisis can be relaxed. Inter-district and industry water transaction can only be carried out by macro stakeholders for its high level of initial investment and transaction cost. Micro stakeholders can only invest in local water market for their shortage of capital and lower credit rating. Therefore, some options are proposed to support two kinds of water market separately, including water saving installation lease for macro stakeholders and provision of small-amount credit loans for micro stakeholders, to approximate the optimal allocation of water both among and within districts and industries.