地下水氮污染原位修复缓释碳源材料的研发与物化-生境协同特性

地下水流速及物质间反应均处于缓慢状态,因此向地下水环境中投加的修复材料应具有缓释性.本研究针对浅层地下水特性及氮赋存特征,以农业废弃物和零价铁(Fe0)为基料,耦合生物、化学反应,开展具有物化-生境协同作用的缓释碳源材料的研发和性能研究.所研发材料具有内核和外壳双层结构.内核为修复基质层,由农业废弃物与Fe0等原料组成.其中,农业废弃物提供微生物所需碳源,Fe0还原水体中硝酸盐氮及DO,快速脱氮并促进厌氧环境形成.外壳为溶质运移渗透层,由原生矿物等组成,可包覆内核材料,减缓内核碳源释放、吸附二次污染物.材料物理测试显示,其内核均匀交联,外壳呈明显均匀孔隙结构(SEM),颗粒强度高达每颗80~105 N,具有良好的机械抗压性;材料密度最低可达1.1 g·cm~(-3),无水中漂浮现象;缓释实验表明,该材料具有良好的碳源缓释性,其总有机碳(TOC)释放量Max:21~25 mg·(g·L)~(-1)]和速率Max:0.185 mg·(g·L·d)~(-1)]始终呈现平稳状态,而农业废弃物释碳量Max:53~75 mg·(g·L)~(-1)]及速率Max:0.455mg·(g·L·d)~(-1)]波动较大.进一步功能基因丰度分析,材料浸出液有利于反硝化细菌代谢活动.脱氮和捕氧实验初期,该材料体系以Fe0化学脱氮为主,并降低水体DO,有利于反硝化进行;随后,生物反硝化占主导地位,材料脱氮率与其Fe0含量相关性变小,体系形成物化-生境协同脱氮途径.

Development and Evaluation of a Sustainable Long-release Carbon Material Applied for In-Situ Remediation of Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution

Due to slow flow rates and inter-substance reactions in groundwater, remediation requires the addition of materials with sustained release properties. This research uses agricultural waste and zero-valent iron (Fe⁰), coupling biology and chemistry, to research and develop a sustainable long-release carbon material with a synergistic physico-habitat, and to evaluate its performance, also taking into account the occurrence of nitrogen in groundwater. The material developed has a double-layer structure with an inner core and an outer shell. The core, consisting of agricultural waste, Fe⁰, and other raw materials, constitutes the repair layer. Agricultural waste provides a carbon source for microorganisms, and Fe⁰ can quickly remove nitrate via chemical reactions and reduce DO to develop an anaerobic environment in water. The shell provides a solute permeation layer and consists of primary minerals and other components. This can slow the release of TOC from the core and adsorb secondary contaminants. Physical properties testing showed that the materials core was uniformly cross-linked, and its shell exhibited a clear uniform pore structure (SEM). Favorable mechanical compression was recorded for particle strengths of up to 80-105 N. With a density of 1.1 g·cm^-3, the material did not float in water. Experiments showed that the material had excellent sustained release. The amountMax:21-25 mg·(g·L)^-1] and rateMax:0.185 mg·(g·L·d)^-1] of TOC release exhibited a steady state trend, but fluctuated greatly in the case of agricultural wastes(Max amount:53-75 mg·(g·L)^-1, Max rate:0.455 mg·(g·L·d)^-1]. In terms of further functional gene abundance, materials leachate was found to be conducive to denitrifying bacteria. In early denitrification and oxygen trapping experiments, the Fe⁰ chemical reaction was dominant for reduction of nitrogen and DO, facilitating denitrification. However, biological denitrification gradually dominated. Differences in denitrification rates between iron-free and iron-containing materials were smaller, as was the correlation between denitrification rate and iron content. These results indicate the formation of physico-habitat synergistic denitrification in the materials system.