Host manipulation by the orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata: gall induction on distant leaves by dose-dependent stimulation |
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Authors: | Keiichiro Matsukura Masaya Matsumura Makoto Tokuda |
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Institution: | (1) Research Team for Insect Pest and Nematode Management, National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, 2421, Suya, Koshi Kumamoto, 861-1192, Japan;(2) Insect Interaction Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan;(3) Present address: Growth Regulation Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama Kanagawa, 230-0047, Japan |
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Abstract: | The evolution of the gall-inducing ability in insects and the adaptive significance of the galling habit have been addressed
by many studies. Cicadulina bipunctata, the maize orange leafhopper, is an ideal study organism for evaluating these topics because it can be mass-reared and it
feeds on model plants such as rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays). To reveal differences between gall inductions by C. bipunctata and other gall inducers, we conducted four experiments concerning (a) the relationship between the feeding site and gall-induction
sites of C. bipunctata on maize, (b) the effects of leafhopper sex and density, (c) the effects of length of infestation on gall induction, and
(d) the effects of continuous infestation. C. bipunctata did not induce galls on the leaves where it fed but induced galls on other leaves situated at more distal positions. The
degree of gall induction was significantly correlated with infestation density and length. These results indicate that C. bipunctata induces galls in a dose-dependent manner on leaves distant from feeding sites, probably by injecting chemical(s) to the plant
during feeding. We suggest that insect galls are induced by a chemical stimulus injected by gall inducers during feeding into
the hosts. |
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Keywords: | Insect-plant interaction Gall induction Galling habit Cicadulina bipunctata Zea mays |
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