Urban soil quality of Raipur,Chhattisgarh, India |
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| Authors: | Madhavi Rajak Khageshwar Singh Patel Nitin Kumar Jaiswal Raj Kishore Patel Elza Bontempi Eduardo Yubero Laurent Matini Sema Yurdakul Pablo Martín-Ramos |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Chemical Laboratory, Central Groundwater Board, Lucknow, India;2. Department of Applied Science, Amity University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India;3. Department of Chemistry, ITM University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India;4. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Rourkela, Odisha, India;5. INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy;6. Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory, Applied Physics Department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain;7. Department of Exact Sciences, E.N.S., Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville, Congo;8. Environmental Engineering Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey;9. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Soil quality in urban areas in India is degraded due to multiple anthropogenic activities. The objectives of this work are to determine the concentration variations, toxicity, and sources of carbons, metals, and ions in the surface soil of Raipur, the industrialized capital city of Chhattisgarh state, India. High concentrations of Al, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, and elemental carbon (EC) were registered. Relatively lower concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb, organic carbon (OC), and carbonate carbon (CC), as well as ions (viz. F–, Cl–, NO3–, SO42–, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), were also recorded. EC was found to be one of the major pollutants, although enrichment factors pointed to high contamination with SO42–, K+, Mg2+, Cr, Mn, and Pb; and extreme contamination with NO3– and Ca2+. The spatial and temporal variations, enrichment factors, toxicity, and sources of the chemical species detected in the soil are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | carbons heavy metals ions soil quality sources |
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