Long-term reductions in costs of controlling regional air pollution in Europe due to climate policy |
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| Institution: | 1. TNO Institute of Environment, Energy and Process Innovation, P.O. Box 1342, 7300 AH Apeldoorn, The Netherlands;2. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A.v. Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;3. Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters Street 3, 34109 Kassel, Germany;1. Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993891167, Iran;2. Polymer Engineering Department, Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Austin Peay State University, 601 College St., Clarksville, TN 37044, USA;2. Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nam. Cs. Legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czechia;3. Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czechia;4. Vlokh Institute of Physical Optics, 23 Dragomanov str., Lviv 79005, Ukraine;5. Institute of Physics of Jan Dlugosz University, 13/15 al. Armii Krajowej, Czestochowa PL-42201, Poland;6. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA;1. School of Integrated Design Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223- 8522, Japan;2. Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Tzarigradsko shouse 72, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria;3. Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan |
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| Abstract: | This paper examines to what extent climate change policies will alter the effectiveness of agreed-upon or future policies to reduce regional air pollution in Europe and vice versa. And when is it cost-effective to combat regional air pollution with clean technology instead of add-on technology?For this exercise, several extensions were made to the energy model TIMER, to introduce add-on abatement technologies, specified in terms of costs and reduction potentials, in order to be able to calculate cost-effective emission reduction strategies for different scenarios and regions.The results show that add-on technologies to reduce regional air pollution remain necessary throughout the century. The costs to reach the NOx emission reduction targets in Europe are about three times as high as for SO2. Mitigation costs averaged over the century by add-on technologies can be reduced by climate measures by 50–70% for SO2 and around 50% for NOx. The costs of SO2 and NOx mitigation by add-on technology in a world without climate policy are comparable or in some periods even higher than the costs of an integrated mitigation of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions if a reduction of specific costs by learning is, in contrast with energy technologies, not assumed for abatement technologies. So, the costs of SO2 and NOx add-on measures avoided by climate policies can outweigh the costs of these climate measures. The total annual costs are in the order of 1 or 2% of the present GDP, depending on the scenario. |
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