Seasonal variation of ionic species in fine particles at Qingdao,China |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Center for Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;2. Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650 South Korea;1. Institute of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Center for Cancer Prevent and Treatment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China;2. Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Wuwei Cancer Registry, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei 733000, Gansu, China;1. University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Mathematics, Madison, WI 53706-1388, USA;2. University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, Science and Engineering Offices (M/C 249), 851 S. Morgan St., Chicago, IL 60607-7045, USA;1. Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China;2. Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China;1. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan;2. School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan;3. Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University, No 306, Yuanpei St, Hsin Chu, 30015, Taiwan;4. Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 43302, Taiwan;5. Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan;1. LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;3. China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China |
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| Abstract: | Totally nine measurement campaigns for ambient particles and SO2 have been conducted during the period of 1997–2000 in Qingdao in order to understand the characteristics of the particulate matter in coastal areas of China. The mass fractions of PM2.5, PM2.5?10 and PM>10 in TSP are 49%, 25% and 26%, respectively. The size distribution of particles mass concentrations in Qingdao shows bi-modal distribution. Mass fraction percentages of water-soluble ions in PM2.5, PM2.5?10 and PM>10 decreased from 62% to 35% and 21%. In fine particles, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, secondary formed compounds, are major components, totally accounting for 50% of PM2.5 mass concentration.The ratios of sulfate, chloride, ammonium and potassium in PM2.5 for heating versus non-heating periods are 1.34, 1.80, 1.56 and 1.44, respectively. The ratio of nitrate is 3.02 and this high ratio could be caused by reduced volatilization at lower temperature. Sulfate concentrations are higher than nitrate in PM2.5. The chemical forms of sulfate and nitrate are probably (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 and chloride depletion was observed.Backward trajectory analysis reflected possible influence of air pollutant transport to Qingdao local aerosol pollution. |
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