Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety – Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece;2. University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, 81100 Mytilene, Greece;3. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands;4. Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus;5. School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;1. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China;2. Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;3. Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;2. Department of Environmental Health Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;1. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, 14 Prince''s Gardens, South Kensington, London, SW7 1NA, United Kingdom;2. Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China;3. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China;4. National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Technology and Equipment of Atmospheric Pollution Monitoring Hefei, China |
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| Abstract: | This study examined commuter’s exposure to respirable suspended particulate matters while commuting in public transportation modes. The survey was conducted between October 1999 and January 2000 in Hong Kong. A total of eight public transportation modes, that are bus, tram, public light bus, taxi, ferry, Kowloon–Canton Railway, Mass Transit Railway and Light Rail Transit, were selected in the study. They were grouped into four categories: (T1) railway transport; (T2) non-air-conditioned roadway transport; (T3) air-conditioned roadway transport and (T4) marine transport. Both PM10 and PM2.5 levels were investigated. The results indicate that the particulate level is greatly affected by the mode of transport as well as the ventilation system of the transport. The overall average PM10 concentration level in T2 (147 μg m?3) is the highest and is followed by T4 (81 μg m?3) and T3 (65 μg m?3). The PM10 level in T1 (50 μg m?3) is the lowest. Notably, the commuter exposure in tram (175 μg m?3) is the highest among all the monitored commuting modes. Commuting modes such as railway and air-conditioned vehicle are recommended as a substitute for non-air-conditioned vehicle. The PM2.5 to PM10 ratio in transports ranged from 63% to 78%. Higher PM2.5 to PM10 ratio is found in vehicles with air-conditioning system. For the double deck vehicle, higher PM10 level has resulted in the lower deck. The average upper-deck to lower-deck PM10 ratio is 0.836, 0.751 and 0.738 in air-conditioned bus, non-air-conditioned bus and non-air-conditioned tram, respectively. Typical concentration profiles in different transports are also presented. |
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