Long-term Environmental Impact of Oil Spills |
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| Institution: | 1. Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria;2. University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria;3. University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria;1. College of Transport and Communications, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China;2. School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China;3. Hubei Key Laboratory of Inland Shipping Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430063, China;4. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China;1. Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA;2. Ventana Systems, Inc., Harvard, MA 01451, USA;3. Department of Climate, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway;4. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;5. School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;6. Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;7. Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;8. Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;9. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA;10. Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA;11. Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;12. Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l''Environnement, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Grenoble, France 38000, and Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;13. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Wood Hole, MA 02543, USA;14. Consortium for Ocean Leadership, Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative, Washington, DC 20005, USA;15. Built Environment Department, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;p. Florida Institute of Oceanography, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA;q. RPS Ocean Science, South Kingstown, RI 02879, USA;r. Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA;s. Dept. of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;t. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ecosystem Science, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6, Canada;u. Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Galveston, TX 77551, USA;v. Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;w. School of the Environment, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA;x. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;y. Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA;z. Pontchartrain Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA;11. Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA;12. Center for Coastal Environmental and Human Health, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA;13. School of Ocean & Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK;14. Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;15. Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;16. Guy Harvey Oceanographic Center, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL 33004, USA;17. School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA;18. Gulf of Mexico Alliance, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA;19. Florida Sea Grant, University of Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA |
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| Abstract: | Oil contamination may persist in the marine environment for many years after an oil spill and, in exceptional cases such as salt marshes and mangrove swamps, the effects may be measurable for decades after the event. However, in most cases, environmental recovery is relatively swift and is complete within 2–10 years. Where oil has been eliminated from the scene, the long-term environmental impacts are generally confined to community structure anomalies that persist because of the longevity of the component species. |
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