Engine dynamometer experiments: platinum emissions from differently aged three-way catalytic converters |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India;2. Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India;1. Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Institute of Energy, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;1. Cognitive & Movement Disorders Clinic, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room A455, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada;2. L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada;3. Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada;4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room FG19, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada;5. Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, 123 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1E2, Canada;6. Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room M3200, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada;7. Department of Anesthesia, Humber River Hospital, 1235 Wilson Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M3M 0B2, Canada;1. Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia;2. Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Paulinska 16, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia;3. Department of Molten Salts, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia;4. Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia |
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| Abstract: | Depending on the operating conditions and the age of the converter, mean platinum emissions ranged from 7 to 123 ng m-3 corresponding to emission factors between 9 and 124 ng km-1. There were no statistically significant differences between the four converter brands tested. The data from new (12–90 ng km-1) and old catalytic converters (9–26 ng km-1) installed on a medium-powered gasoline engine (1.8 l 66 kW) showed a tendency towards decreasing platinum emission with increasing use. The platinum emissions increased with rising simulated speed and exhaust temperature. The lowest mean emission from new converters (12 ng km-1) was found at a constant speed of 80 km h-1, the highest (90 ng km-1) at 130 km h-1. Using the US72 or the US72-EUDC test cycles the emission factors were higher (37 or 19 ng km-1) than at 80 km h-1 indicating that additional mechanical or thermal impacts enhance the platinum abrasion at cycle conditions. After installing catalytic converters tested with the 1.8 l engine on a smaller engine (1.4 l 44 kW), the platinum emissions measured at the US72 cycle and a high-speed condition (140 km h-1) were only 9 and 22 ng km-1, respectively. Platinum is almost exclusively emitted bound to aluminum oxide particles where (depending on the driving conditions) 43–74% of these emitted particles had aerodynamic diameters >10 μm. The alveolar fraction (<3 μm) was between 11 and 26% (1.8 l engine) and between 21 and 36% (1.4 l engine). If at all, soluble platinum is emitted in only very small quantities (⩽1%). |
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