The effect of commuting microenvironment on commuter exposures to vehicular emission in Hong Kong |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Apucarana-Londrina, Brazil;2. Federal University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil;3. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden;4. Federal University of Paraná, Environmental Engineering Department, Curitiba, Brazil;1. Institute of Industrial Technology, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro Uichang-gu Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 641-773, Republic of Korea;2. School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro Uichang-gu Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 641-773, Republic of Korea;3. Gyeongsangnamdo Office of Education, 241 Jungangdaero, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51430, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Urban Planning and Design, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;2. Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, PR China;3. School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China;4. School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom;5. College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China;6. Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China;7. Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China;1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;2. Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;3. Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, Saitama 374–0115, Japan;4. School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338–8570, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Vehicular exhaust emission has gradually become the major air pollution source in modern cities and traffic related exposure is found to contribute significantly to total human exposure level. A comprehensive survey was conducted from November 1995 to July 1996 in Hong Kong to assess the effect of traffic-induced air pollution inside different commuting microenvironments on commuter exposure. Microenvironmental monitoring is performed for six major public commuting modes (bus, light bus, MTR, railway, tram, ferry), plus private car and roadside pavement. Traffic-related pollutants, CO, NOx, THC and O3 were selected as the target pollutants. The results indicate that commuter exposure is highly influenced by the choice of commuting microenvironment. In general, the exposure level in decreasing order of measured pollutant level for respective commuting microenvironments are: private car, the group consisting light bus, bus, tram and pavement, MTR and train, and finally ferry. In private car, the CO level is several times higher than that in the other microenvironments with a trip averaged of 10.1 ppm and a maximum of 24.9 ppm. Factors such as the body position of the vehicle, intake point of the ventilation system, fuel used, ventilation, transport mode, road and driving conditions were used in the analysis. Inter-microenvironment, intra-microenvironment and temporal variation of CO concentrations were used as the major indicator. The low body position and low intake point of the ventilation system of the private car are believed to be the cause of higher intake of exhaust of other vehicles and thus result in high pollution level in this microenvironment. Compared with other metropolis around the world and the Hong Kong Air Quality Objectives (HKAQO), exposure levels of commuter to traffic-related air pollution in Hong Kong are relatively low for most pollutants measured. Only several cases of exceedence of HKAQO by NO2 were recorded. The strong prevailing wind plus the channeling effect created by the harbor, the fuel used, the relative abundance of new cars and the successful implementation of the vehicle emission control program are factors that compensate the effect of the emission source strength and thus lead to low exposure levels. |
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