An evaluation of the dose-response relationship of fluoride injury to Gladiolus |
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| Institution: | 1. Environmental Science Program Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A.;2. Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. U.S.A.;1. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran;2. Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran;3. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran;1. Section of Neurosurgery, Dept. of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;2. Undergraduate Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;3. Section of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill, Montreal, Canada;4. Section of Critical Care Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;5. Section of General Surgery, Dept. of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;1. Department of Neurology, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy;3. Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland;4. Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology, Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education, AFaR Division, Rome, Italy;5. Department of Clinical Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland;6. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy;7. Institute of Neurology, Dept. Geriatrics, Neurosciences, Orthopaedics, Policlinic A. Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome, Italy;8. IRCCS S. Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy;1. Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Claveria 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain;2. Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece;3. Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain;4. Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain;5. Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 34, 33012, Oviedo, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Experiments were conducted with Gladiolus to evaluate the dose-response relationship of F− injury to plants. In two experiments (Group I), plants were intermittently exposed to HF in different patterns of period length and frequency (24–384 h) with the mean HF concentrations and cumulative doses (concentration x duration) being similar among the treatments in each experiment. In another series of experiments (Group II), plants were continuously exposed to similar HF doses applied in widely different combinations of concentration (3–86 μg F m−3) and duration (384–12 h). Leaf necrosis, as a percentage of the total leaf area of the plant, was used as the index of F− injury, and to facilitate its estimation, a mathematical model was developed relating lineal distance from the leaf tip to the area of the corresponding part of the leaf. In one of the Group I experiments (at 2.0 μg F m−3) no significant differences in response were found between treatments. In the other experiment (at 2.9 μg F m−3) less foliar necrosis was produced by the shorter duration, more frequent exposure treatments than by longer, less frequent exposures, inferring some degree of recovery for plants under the former conditions. In the Group II experiments no consistent relationship was found between the amount of foliar necrosis and the HF treatment concentration or duration. The range of responses in both Groups of experiments was much less than the range of the exposure conditions, which indicates a much closer relationship of F− injury to exposure dose than to the concentration, duration, or frequency of exposure. |
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