Seasonal and spatial distribution of nonylphenol in Shihwa Lake, Korea

Alkylphenols (APs) have been known as endocrine disruptors and consequently received much environmental concern. This study focused on seasonal variation and spatial distribution of nonylphenol (NP) in various matrixes including dissolved water, particulates, surface sediment, sediment trap and sediment core taken from Shihwa Lake and its adjacent areas. A total of 11 phenolic compounds including nonylphenol, t-octylphenol (t-OP) and bisphenol A (BPA) were measured in February, June and October 2002. NP is the most abundant chemical among the phenolic compounds and its concentrations in dissolved water, particulates and surface sediments from Shihwa Lake were measured as 17.4-1533.1 ng/l, 4.3-831.2 ng/l and 10.4-5054.1 ng/g dw, respectively. NP concentration in dissolved water varied with seasons and generally showed a decreasing order of June > October > February, while the seasonal trend was hardly found in sediment. High levels of NP were measured in surrounding industrial complexes, the concentrations was decreased gradually with distance from the industrial areas. NP in core samples showed an increasing trend toward the core depth. There exists a reasonable correlation between NP in dissolved water and in particulates, whereas the correlation between NP in dissolved water and in sediments is not significant. APs concentrations in Shihwa Lake were comparable to other highly polluted areas of the world and their possible effects on various organisms in the lake are discussed.