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Monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in home outdoor air using moss bags |
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| Authors: | Rivera Marcela Zechmeister Harald Medina-Ramón Mercedes Basagaña Xavier Foraster Maria Bouso Laura Moreno Teresa Solanas Pascual Ramos Rafael Köllensperger Gunda Deltell Alexandre Vizcaya David Künzli Nino |
| Institution: | a Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology CREAL, Barcelona, Spain b Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Barcelona, Spain c Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain d CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain e University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria f Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain g Research Unit, Family Medicine, Girona, Jordi Gol Institute for Primary Care Research (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Catalan Institute of Health, Catalunya, Spain h Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain i University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria j Polytechnic School, GREFEMA, University of Girona, Spain k Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland l University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland |
| Abstract: | One monitoring station is insufficient to characterize the high spatial variation of traffic-related heavy metals within cities. We tested moss bags (Hylocomium splendens), deployed in a dense network, for the monitoring of metals in outdoor air and characterized metals’ long-term spatial distribution and its determinants in Girona, Spain. Mosses were exposed outside 23 homes for two months; NO2 was monitored for comparison. Metals were not highly correlated with NO2 and showed higher spatial variation than NO2. Regression models explained 61-85% of Cu, Cr, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Zn and 72% of NO2 variability. Metals were strongly associated with the number of bus lines in the nearest street. Heavy metals are an alternative traffic-marker to NO2 given their toxicological relevance, stronger association with local traffic and higher spatial variability. Monitoring heavy metals with mosses is appealing, particularly for long-term exposure assessment, as mosses can remain on site many months without maintenance. |
| Keywords: | Traffic-related air pollution Outdoor exposure Spatial distribution Determinants Buses Particulate matter Nitrogen dioxide |
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