First detection of an NSAID, flunixin, in sheep's wool using GC-MS |
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Authors: | Richards Ngaio Hall Sarah Scott Karen Harrison Nancy |
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Institution: | a Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, United Kingdom b Forensic Medicine and Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom |
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Abstract: | Exposure to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac resulted in the near extinction of three species of Gyps vultures on the Indian subcontinent. Other NSAIDs present in the environment, including flunixin, may pose a similar risk. In the course of a study to determine the feasibility of detecting NSAIDs in keratinous matrices (i.e., hair, nails and feathers) using GC-MS, wool opportunistically collected from a sheep treated with flunixin was analysed for residues. Flunixin was detected qualitatively in external wool wash and extract samples. While residues of veterinary agents and pesticides have previously been found in sheep’s wool, our preliminary investigation provides the first instance of an NSAID being detected in this matrix. Here we provide the sample preparation methods and GC-MS parameters used to enable further refinement as part of ongoing conservation and consumer quality control measures. |
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Keywords: | Veterinary pharmaceutical Wool residue analysis Wool contamination Vulture conservation Scavenging species conservation Feeding station safety testing |
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