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Occurrence of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in the Korean water system: implication to water intake exposure |
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| Authors: | Kim Seung-Kyu Kho Young Lim Shoeib Mahiba Kim Kyoung-Soo Kim Kyung-Ryul Park Jong-Eun Shin Yong-Seung |
| Affiliation: | a School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (BK-21), Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu Shilim-dong, Seoul 151-742, South Korea b School of Human and Environmental Sciences, Eulji University, South Korea c Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Ontario, Canada d Center for Chemical Safety Management, Chonbuk National University, 664-141 ga Dukjin-dong Duckjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, South Korea e Department of Environmental Engineering, Chonbuk National University, South Korea f Environmental Policy Division, Korea Environment Institute, Eunpyung-ku, Bulkwang-dong 613-2, Seoul 122-706, South Korea |
| Abstract: | Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) measured in surface running waters indicated the existence of different emission sources in eight main city basins. The tap water reflected the contamination pattern and levels in their corresponding source water basins. The daily intakes through tap water consumption ranged from <0.01 to 0.73 ng kg−1 d−1 for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and <0.01 to 0.08 ng kg−1 d−1 for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Tap water intake-derived exposure accounted for 8.6%-101% (for PFOA) and while <10% (for PFOS) of total daily exposure, which was estimated from Korean serum concentrations using a pharmacokinetic model. Our findings indicate that tap water intake could be an important contributor to PFOA exposure in Korean populations; accordingly, additional efforts are necessary to improve the removal efficiency of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water purification process. However, more fundamentally the aim would be to reduce the discharge of PFCs from potential sources within the basin. |
| Keywords: | Perfluorinated chemicals Tap water Serum Daily intake Pharmacokinetic model Drinking water-serum correlation |
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