长江流域上游地区“三磷”污染现状及对策研究

长江流域上游地区是我国“三磷”(磷矿、磷化工企业和磷石膏库)最为集中的区域，总磷污染尤为严重.为保障长江流域水环境安全，支撑长江经济带可持续发展，从分析长江上游“三磷”污染状况出发，剖析总磷污染成因，提出“三磷”污染控制对策建议.结果表明，长江流域上游地区总磷污染成因主要包括:磷矿资源丰富，长期开采对上游水环境产生显著影响；围绕磷矿开采的磷化工产业发展迅速，但管理薄弱导致总磷超标排放；存量磷石膏临河不当处置与堆存，环境污染与安全隐患大.针对总磷污染成因，按照“重点突出，精准施策”原则，以长江流域上游地区“三磷”集中片区为重点开展综合整治，提出几点对策建议:①重点加强沱江上游德阳段绵远河、石亭江，乌江上游贵州段瓮安河、洋水河和清水江，湖北省宜昌-兴山-神农架一线和钟祥-南漳一线三个片区的磷矿治理；②推动绵远河、石亭江、乌江、香溪河流域等涉磷工业园区/工业集中区的技术改造升级，促进磷化工产业绿色发展；③加强四川省(沱江)、贵州省(乌江)、湖北省(香溪河)等磷石膏堆场密集分布区域的规范化综合管理；④以法规和标准为准绳，加快完善涉磷污染源监管系统. 

Pollution Status and Control Strategy of 'Three Phosphorus ' Pollution in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River Basin,China

The upper reaches of the Yangtze River Basin is the most concentrated area of 'three phosphorus' (phosphorous mining, phosphorus chemical industry and phosphogypsum library) in China, which was seriously polluted by total phosphorus (TP). In order to ensure the water environment security of the Yangtze River Basin and support the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the pollution status of 'three phosphorus' and the cause of TP pollution in the upper reaches of Yangtze River were analyzed, and the control strategies of the 'three phosphorus' were proposed. In general, there were three reasons that may lead to the high level of TP in the upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin:First, long-term exploitation of phosphorus resources had a significant negative impact on the water environment of the upper reaches of Yangtze River; Second, poor management of the phosphorus chemical industries led to excessive discharge of TP to water environment; Third, the deposit of phosphogypsum was not properly disposed and stockpiled along river, which posed high environmental pollution and safety risks. In order to control the TP pollution in the upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin, comprehensive improvement strategies should be implemented in the 'three phosphorus' concentrated areas in the upper reaches of Yangtze River Basin following the principles of 'focus on the major problems and conduct precise policies':(1) Strengthen pollution control in the three areas with the highest 'three phosphorus' concentrated areas in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the Mianyuan River and Shiting River in Deyang section of the upper reaches of Tuojiang River, Weng'an River, Yangshui River and Qingshui River in Guizhou section of the upper reaches of Wujiang River, and the Yichang-Xingshan-Shennongjia line and the Zhongxiang-Nanzhang line in Hubei Province. (2) Promote the technical transformation and upgrading of phosphorous related industrial parks/industrial concentration districts in areas such as Mianyuan River, Shiting River, Wujiang River and Xiangxi River basins, and promote the green development of phosphorous chemical industry. (3) Strengthen the standardized and comprehensive management in the densely distributed areas of phosphogypsum storage sites in Sichuan (Tuojiang River), Guizhou (Wujiang River) and Hubei (Xiangxihe River). (4) Seize the key to management regulations and standards, and accelerate the improvement of phosphorus-related pollution source supervision system.