<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sympagohydra tuuli</Emphasis> (Cnidaria,Hydrozoa): first report from sea ice of the central Arctic Ocean and insights into histology,reproduction and locomotion |
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Authors: | Stefan Siebert Friederike Anton-Erxleben Rainer Kiko Maike Kramer |
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Institution: | (1) Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;(2) Institute for Polar Ecology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany;(3) Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany |
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Abstract: | Various cnidarians have adapted their life style to interstitial habitats of marine sediments. Recently, for the first time
a hydroid was reported from the interstitial brine channel system of Arctic fast ice. Due to its derived features, the new
genus and species Sympagohydra tuuli was introduced. Here we describe findings of S. tuuli in sea ice at several sites within the central Arctic Ocean. In our view the results of this study do not allow assignment
of Sympagohydra to any known family and we, therefore, suggest the introduction of a new family Sympagohydridae which is placed within the
hydrozoan subclass Hydroidolina, order Anthomedusae, suborder Capitata. A first detailed histological analysis of S. tuuli is presented. In vivo analysis of locomotion and reproduction revealed a remarkable convergent evolution in S. tuuli and distant meiobenthic relatives. Shared traits are a flagellated epidermis enabling the animals to glide within small interstices
by means of flagellar beating as well as an internalised embryogenesis. In S. tuuli gametogenesis occurs in the absence of gonophores inbetween gastro- and epidermis clearly separated from the epidermis. Budding
was observed as the vegetative mode of reproduction. Documentation of feeding behaviour identified copepod nauplii and rotifers
as prey items and demonstrates a high trophical position of the hydroids within the sympagic food web. Occurrence of reproducing
individuals and pronounced tolerances towards changing temperatures and salinities indicate S.
tuuli as a truly sympagic species.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
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