Regulating concentrated animal feeding operations to enhance the environment |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-end Equipment, Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry, Shenyang 110022, China;3. Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Aero-Engine, Beijing 100191, China;4. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, China;1. Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA;2. Institute for a Sustainable Environment, and Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA;3. Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;4. Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;1. Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, United States;2. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79415, United States;1. Intelligent Computing Group, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom;1. Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Engineering, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain;2. Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland;3. Department of Applied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, E-03202, Elche, Spain;4. Evolution and Conservation Biology Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain;1. College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, PR China;2. College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Ximinzhu Street 938, Changchun 130061, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Economies of scale have led to the production of animals at large facilities concentrated in selected regions. Such production is accompanied by environmental problems. In the US, federal and state governments have enacted new legislation and regulatory provisions to respond to problems created by concentrated animal production, with an emphasis on eliminating water pollution. While such efforts may advance environmental quality, a more fundamental issue is whether adequate consideration has been given to the broader issue of what concentrations of animals means for the rural environment. Concentrations of animals use large quantities of antibiotics, reduce landscape diversity, and are accompanied by the loss of native species. To respond to these issues, governments need to devise additional regulatory controls that place production costs on producers and preclude practices denigrating the environment. Regulatory efforts that champion small-scale operations and activities rather than supporting industrial-sized farms through commodity price supports also warrant consideration. |
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