Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sludge,sediment and fish from municipal dumpsite at Surabaya,Indonesia |
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Authors: | Muhammad Ilyas Agus Sudaryanto Iwan E. Setiawan Adi S. Riyadi Tomohiko Isobe Shinsuke Tanabe |
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Affiliation: | 1. Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), JL. MH. Thamrin 8, Jakarta, Indonesia;2. Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan;3. Senior Research Fellow Center, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan |
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Abstract: | We investigated the PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs contamination in sludge, sediments and fish from various locations including raw leachate pond, leachate treatment plans (LTPs), control wells and reference site at open landfill of municipal dumpsite, Surabaya City, Indonesia. 62 PCBs and 14 PBDEs congeners, and 3 HBCDs isomers were identified and quantified using GC–MS and LC–MS/MS, respectively. Concentration ranges and median (value in parentheses) of PCBs, PBDEs and HBCDs were from not detected (ND) to 60 (3.9) ng g−1 dw, 0.0075 to 45 (4.5) ng g−1 dw and ND to 2.8 (0.052) ng g−1 dw in sludge and sediments, respectively. While in two polled of fish samples were 30–55 ng g−1 lw, 6.6–11 ng g−1 lw and 1.6–3.3 ng g−1 lw, respectively. Among the sampling sites, the highest level of PCBs and PBDEs were detected in sludge from raw leachate pond. However, PCBs and PBDEs levels were showing decreased in LTP-1 that could be due to the bacterial degradation but not in LTP-2, HBCDs were more stable in both LTPs. Levels of PCBs and BFRs in sludge at the present study were lower than those reported in sewage sludge reported from some other countries. PCBs profiles were mainly composed in that order by CB-138, -153, -180, -101, -118 and -28, while by BDE-47, -99, -100, -153, -154 and -28 for PBDEs in sludge, sediments and fish. Profiles of HBCDs were predominantly composed by γ- and α-isomers in sludge and fish, respectively. Debromination, dechlorination, commercial formulations used and congener-specific accumulation of those contaminants are the factors influenced the profiles. |
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Keywords: | PCBs BFRs Sludge Bioaccumulation Dumpsite |
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