稻田生物多样性构建的生态效应

农业集约化生产方式加速了农业生态系统单一化的进程,导致系统平衡破坏,病、虫、草害频发。在以农业生态环境改善和修复为手段的农业可持续生产和发展的模式中,以农作物多样性的合理布局来提高农业生物多样性水平和控制病、虫、草害的实践,显示出其强大的生命力,即将不同物种的作物或同一作物的不同品种按一定的组合方式和栽种模式进行合理的间栽和套作,将病、虫、草害的发生控制在可以承受的范围内。构建水生动物、水生植物与水稻共存的稻作系统,利用物种多样性、遗传多样性控制有害生物,是农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性对稻作生态系统的改善,特别是水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理。

Ecological effect of biodiversity in paddy field ecosystem

Modern agricultural practices with large-scale of intensive farming have significantly accelerated the procedure of the uniformity of agro-ecosystems,which has resulted in the deterioration and imbalance of agro-ecosystems.As a consequence,the occurrences or outbreaks of diseases,insects and weeds become more frequent in agro-ecosystems,causing immense problems for crop productivity.One of the efficient approaches for the sustainable agriculture development is to restore the deteriorated agro-ecosystems for enhancing crop production.In the restoration process,the appropriate deployment of biodiversity of crop species or varieties will play an important role in significantly enhancing biodiversity in agro-ecosystems.Biodiversity deployment includes intercropping and relaying with an appropriate cultivation model.These practices have been proven to be very successful for disease and insect control.Establishing a divergent ecosystem of rice paddy fields that are rich in aquatic animal,plant and microorganism species,will generally increase the biodiversity and/or genetic diversity and effectively control the crop diseases,insect pests and weeds.It is an important approach for sustainable agricultural development.This paper reviewed the progress of researches on establishing species diversity and genetic diversity models in rice paddy fields,particularly the ecological impacts and mechanisms of the species diversity and genetic diversity in the paddy fields concerning the disease,pest and weed control.