Dropout during a driving simulator study: A survival analysis |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany;2. Institute of Mathematics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany;3. Augenzentrum Friedrichstadt, Düsseldorf, Germany;1. MOT Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China;2. Center for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, 130 Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia;1. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, The Netherlands;2. Delft University of Technology, Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, The Netherlands;1. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States;2. Westat, Rockville, MD, United States;3. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionSimulator sickness is the occurrence of motion-sickness like symptoms that can occur during use of simulators and virtual reality technologies. This study investigated individual factors that contributed to simulator sickness and dropout while using a desktop driving simulator.MethodEighty-eight older adult drivers (mean age 72.82 ± 5.42 years) attempted a practice drive and two test drives. Participants also completed a battery of cognitive and visual assessments, provided information on their health and driving habits, and reported their experience of simulator sickness symptoms throughout the study.ResultsFifty-two participants dropped out before completing the driving tasks. A time-dependent Cox Proportional Hazards model showed that female gender (HR = 2.02), prior motion sickness history (HR = 2.22), and Mini-SSQ score (HR = 1.55) were associated with dropout. There were no differences between dropouts and completers on any of the cognitive abilities tests.ConclusionsOlder adults are a high-risk group for simulator sickness. Within this group, female gender and prior motion sickness history are related to simulator dropout. Higher reported experience of symptoms of simulator sickness increased rates of dropout.Practical applicationsThe results highlight the importance of screening and monitoring of participants in driving simulation studies. Older adults, females, and those with a prior history of motion sickness may be especially at risk. |
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