淡水中微塑料的来源、迁移途径及生态毒理效应综述

目前,微塑料污染已成为全球性的环境问题。近年来针对微塑料的研究主要集中在海洋环境中,对于淡水环境中微塑料的研究相对匮乏。在综述淡水环境中微塑料的源-汇关系和迁移过程的基础上,探讨了淡水环境中水生生物摄入微塑料的途径和生态毒理效应及其作用机理。研究发现:水生生物摄入微塑料主要是通过误食、鳃呼吸或者食物链传递,微塑料进入生物体后可在腮、肠、肝、大脑和肌肉中迁移和累积。微塑料的生态毒性包括影响基因的表达、抑制酶的活性、导致代谢紊乱、器官组织病变和炎症反应、产生神经毒素、降低存活率和干扰正常行为等。此外,针对目前淡水环境中微塑料研究工作存在的问题进行了总结,并提出了相应的建议,为淡水环境中微塑料的生态效应和其他环境问题交互效应的研究提供科学指导。

SOURCE,MIGRATION AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICRO-PLASTICS IN FRESHWATER

At present, micro-plastics pollution has become a global environmental problem. In recent years, researches on micro-plastics mainly focused on the marine environment, but researches on freshwater environment were relatively scarce. Based on the review of the source-sink relationship and migration process of micro-plastics in freshwater environment, this paper discussed the way of aquatic organisms ingesting micro-plastics, its eco-toxicological effect and mechanism. As results, the main ways for aquatic organisms to ingest micro-plastics were ingestion, gill respiration or food chain transmission. After entering the organism, micro-plastics could migrate and accumulate in the gills, intestines, liver, brain and muscles. The eco-toxicity of micro-plastics included affecting gene expression, inhibiting enzyme activity, causing metabolic disorders, organ tissue pathology and inflammation, producing neurotoxins, reducing survival rates, and interfering with normal behavior, etc. In addition, the existing problems in researches of micro-plastics in freshwater environment were summarized, and the corresponding suggestions were put forward. This article could provide scientific guidance for the studies on ecological effects of micro-plastics and the interactive effects of other environmental issues in freshwater environment.