Emergy,nutrients balance,and economic assessment of soybean production and industrialization in Brazil |
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| Authors: | Otávio Cavalett Enrique Ortega |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China;2. Institute of China''s Economic Reform and Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China;3. Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China;4. State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China;5. Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China;6. NAAM Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;7. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China;8. Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, College of Agriculture, Jahrom University, PO BOX 74135-111, Jahrom, Iran;2. Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Sustainability, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;3. Economics School, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China;1. INRA, UMR1348 Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l''Animal et les Systèmes d''Élevage, Domaine de la Prise, F-35590 St.-Gilles, France;2. CIRAD, UMR0868 Systèmes d''Élevage Méditerranéen et Tropicaux, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France;3. INRA, UMR1069 Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, CS 84215, F-35042 Rennes, France;1. Unit of Agroecology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran;2. US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI, USA;3. Department of Agronomy, Sabzevar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar, Iran |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to evaluate the soybean production and industrial processing stages in Brazil using the emergy accounting methodology and economic cost and revenue estimation in order to assess the environmental and economic inputs to the soybean chain and to evaluate the amount of emergy and nutrients exported to European countries. The main findings of this work were that the agricultural stage uses the highest amount of resources. The emergy exchange ratio shows that farmers are delivering around six times more emergy in the soybean that is being sold than the emergy they are receiving with the money paid for it. Results demonstrate that producing raw soybean and soy meal for international markets makes Brazil lose a great amount of emergy and nutrients. Besides that, soybean production is nowadays providing low profitability to farmers because of low prices for soybean products and high prices for the chemicals used in soybean farming. Therefore, at present conditions, exporting soybean as a commodity results in low profit per unit of area. |
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