太原市空气颗粒物中正构烷烃分布特征及来源解析

为明确城市空气颗粒物中正构烷烃分布特征及污染来源,采集采暖和非采暖季环境空气PM10样品和典型排放源(高等植物、燃煤和机动车)样品,利用GC-MS测定正构烷烃,选取诊断参数并结合污染源排放特征讨论PM10中正构烷烃分布和来源,采用主成分分析法定量解析源贡献率.结果表明,环境空气PM10中正构烷烃含量呈较强时空变化,采暖和非采暖季浓度分别为213.74~573.32 ng·m-3和22.69~150.82 ng·m-3,前者总浓度最高是后者的18倍;采暖季郊区点位(JY、JCP、XD和SL)浓度均高于市区,以JY最高(577.32 ng·m-3),非采暖季工业区(JS)总烷烃量(150.82 ng·m-3)明显高于其它点位,是SL总量的7倍.采暖季化石燃料来源烷烃(C n≤C24)与总烷烃量相关性优于植物来源烷烃(C n≥C25),非采暖季相反,表明前者化石燃料输入较后者高.CPI和%WNA指示非采暖季植物贡献率较采暖季高,且植物蜡烷烃随环境压力的增大总产率增加;C max和OEP表明非采暖季PM10中有机质成熟度低于采暖季;两季样品TIC图均存在UCM鼓包,机动车尾气是该城市的重要污染源.PCA解析结果表明太原市环境空气PM10中正构烷烃首要排放源为机动车尾气和高等植物,约占51.28%;其次为煤烟尘,贡献率为43.14%.煤烟尘污染控制协同机动车尾气净化措施的完善将成为降低城市空气颗粒物中正构烷烃浓度的有效途径.

Distribution and Source Apportionment of n-Alkanes in Atmospheric Particle in Taiyuan, China

The n-alkanes in PM₁₀ and typical emission sources samples collected during heating and non-heating periods in Taiyuan were determined with GC-MS. Meanwhile, the distribution characteristics and source identification of n-alkanes were investigated with diagnostic parameters and principal component analysis (PCA). Concentrations of n-alkanes ranged from 213.74 to 573.32 ng·m^-3 and 22.69 to 150.82 ng·m^-3 in the heating and non-heating seasons, respectively. The n-alkanes concentrations in suburban districts including JY, JCP, XD and SL were higher than those in urban sites in the heating quarter, and the relative concentration in JS was 7 times higher than that in SL in the other period. The correlation of the total n-alkanes in PM₁₀ with that derived from fossil fuel was higher than the correlation with those from plant in the heating quarter, while the opposite result was detected in the other period, manifesting higher contribution of fossil fuel in the heating days. CPI and %WNA values showed that the contribution from plant wax in the non-heating period was higher than that in the heating period, and the alkanes production rate was elevated along with the increase in environmental pressures. Information on higher organic matter maturity was obtained during the heating period by C_max and OEP and the existence of UCM bulge confirmed that vehicles were the significant contributor to n-alkanes concentration during the whole year. PCA analysis indicated the major component was the mixture of vehicle emission and higher plant, accounting for 51.28% of the total variances, followed by coal dust, accounting for 43.14%. Cooperating control of emissions from coal combustions and vehicles would be the effective way to lower the concentrations of the corresponding n-alkanes.