Ethanol emission from loose corn silage and exposed silage particles |
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| Authors: | Sasha D Hafner Felipe Montes C Alan Rotz Frank Mitloehner |
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| Institution: | 1. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, 3702 Curtin Rd., University Park, PA 16802, USA;2. Department of Animal Science, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA;2. USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, P.O. Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012, USA;1. Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;2. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada;3. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada;1. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 343 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, 329 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;1. Department of Engineering, Finlandsgade 12, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark;2. Leuphana University, Faculty of Sustainability Sciences, Universitaetsalle 1, 21339, Lueneburg, Germany;3. Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz, BC, Canada;4. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy;5. Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, QC, G1V 2J3, Canada;6. UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France;7. School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Laenggasse 85, 3052, Zollikofen, Switzerland;8. SEGES, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark;9. Wageningen Plant Research, Agrosystems Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands;10. Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK;11. Neftel Research Expertise, 3033, Wohlen b Bern, Switzerland;1. Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan;2. Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan;3. International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 930 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7340, USA;4. Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;5. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Silage on dairy farms has been identified as a major source of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. However, rates of VOC emission from silage are not accurately known. In this work, we measured ethanol (a dominant silage VOC) emission from loose corn silage and exposed corn silage particles using wind tunnel systems. Flux of ethanol was highest immediately after exposing loose silage samples to moving air (as high as 220 g m?2 h?1) and declined by as much as 76-fold over 12 h as ethanol was depleted from samples. Emission rate and cumulative 12 h emission increased with temperature, silage permeability, exposed surface area, and air velocity over silage samples. These responses suggest that VOC emission from silage on farms is sensitive to climate and management practices. Ethanol emission rates from loose silage were generally higher than previous estimates of total VOC emission rates from silage and mixed feed. For 15 cm deep loose samples, mean cumulative emission was as high as 170 g m?2 (80% of initial ethanol mass) after 12 h of exposure to an air velocity of 5 m s?1. Emission rates measured with an emission isolation flux chamber were lower than rates measured in a wind tunnel and in an open setting. Results show that the US EPA emission isolation flux chamber method is not appropriate for estimating VOC emission rates from silage in the field. |
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