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SARS-CoV-2 variants and environmental effects of lockdowns,masks and vaccination: a review |
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| Authors: | Akter Shirin Zakia Marzuka Ahmed Mofijur M. Ahmed Shams Forruque Vo Dai-Viet N. Khandaker Gulam Mahlia T. M. I. |
| Affiliation: | 1.Technical and Further Education (TAFE), Sydney, NSW, 2135, Australia ;;2.Central Queensland Public Health Unit, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, QLD, 4700, Australia ;;3.Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia ;;4.Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia ;;5.Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, 4000, Bangladesh ;;6.Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Vietnam ;;7.Division of Research, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4701, Australia ; |
| Abstract: | The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously evolving and four variants of concern have been identified so far, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta variants. Here we review the indirect effect of preventive measures such as the implementation of lockdowns, mandatory face masks, and vaccination programs, to control the spread of the different variants of this infectious virus on the environment. We found that all these measures have a considerable environmental impact, notably on waste generation and air pollution. Waste generation is increased due to the implementation of all these preventive measures. While lockdowns decrease air pollution, unsustainable management of face mask waste and temperature-controlled supply chains of vaccination potentially increases air pollution. |
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