Simulation and Evaluation of Control Strategies for Ozone Reduction in a Complex Terrain in Southwestern Spain |
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Authors: | Nuria Castell Enrique Mantilla Ariel F Stein Rosa Salvador Millán Millán |
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Institution: | 1.Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM),Paterna,Spain;2.Earth Resources and Technology on assignment to NOAA/Air Resources Laboratory,Silver Spring,USA |
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Abstract: | During the central months of the year, southwestern Spain is under strong insolation and weak synoptic forcing, promoting
the development of sea breezes and mountain-induced winds and creating recirculations of pollutants. The complex topography
of the Southwestern Iberia Peninsula induces the formation of vertical layers, into which the pollutants are injected and
subjected to long-distance transport and compensatory subsidence. The characteristics of these highly complex flows have important
effects on the pollutant dispersion. Air pollution studies in very complex terrains require high-resolution modelling for
resolving the flow dynamics. This paper shows the results obtained from using the MM5-CAMx multiscale-nested air quality model
to relate the sensitivity regimes for ozone, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in an area of high geographical
complexity. The article assesses the impact on the hourly and eight-hourly maximum daily ozone concentrations of four reduction
strategies during two ozone pollution episodes. This analysis of the ozone response has led to a preliminary evaluation of
the effectiveness of the most common control strategies: traffic, industry, mixed traffic and industry, and closure of some
of the largest industries (oil and petrochemical refineries). Photochemical indicators show that ozone chemistry in southwestern
Spain is strongly sensitive to NO
x
. However, volatile organic compound-sensitive points are found in areas with anthropogenic influence (highways, cities and
industrial parks). Our results indicate that reductions in road traffic lead to ozone reductions over large areas, whereas
reductions in industrial emissions, despite sometimes showing greater decreases in the maximum hourly and eight-hourly ground-level
ozone levels, lead to ozone reductions in a local area only. In the control study case, with the oil refinery and the petrochemical
plants closed, decreases in ozone hourly concentrations are up to 40% higher than in the other emission control scenarios
studied. This analysis provides an assessment of the effectiveness of different policies for controlling precursor emissions
by comparing the modelled results for different scenarios. |
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