渔业配额制度的起源、特点及展望

渔业配额制度是在渔业资源过度捕捞所导致的渔业危机和传统的投入控制管理失效的历史背景下,基于渔业资源生态特性而构建的一种产出控制的渔业管理模式。它是在总可捕量基础上发展起来的,并在冰岛、 新西兰等国家得以成功实施。该制度具有专属性、 可转让性、 激励性等外在法律特征。学者对于配额制度的法律特性持不同观点,认同其准物权的特性是主流观点。资源的生物特性以及制度的实质内涵告诉我们,无论是国际配额还是国内配额,制度要想取得实效,必须牢牢遵循不得超越总可捕量的共同义务这一要旨,通过落实有限准入、 加强监管等多种手段来保障这种共同义务的履行,才能实现资源的永续利用。

The Origin,Characteristics and Prospect of Fishing Quota Legal System

Fishing quota legal system is an output control management based on ecological characteristics of fisheries resources,which the historical background is over-fishing and input control management failed.It is the development basis for TAC(total allowable catch),and is successfully implemented in Iceland and New Zealand.The system is exclusive,sustainable,transferable and incentive in the layer of law.Scholars have different views for the legal characteristics of quotas,of which the quasi-property was approved by majority.Its resources attribute essentially decides the quotas system which is a common duty that cannot overpass the total allowable catch.Through the implementation of a limited access,deepening international cooperation and strengthening the supervision means,we could secure mutual obligations,and then realize the sustainable utilization of resources.