Phylogeographic structure of false clownfish, Amphiprion ocellaris, explained by sea level changes on the Sunda shelf |
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Authors: | J S Nelson R J Hoddell L M Chou W K Chan V P E Phang |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, S119260, Singapore Tel.: +65-8727415; Fax: +65-7792486 e-mail: dbscwk@leonis.nus.edu.sg, SG;(2) Institute of Molecular Agrobiology, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, S117604, Singapore, SG |
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Abstract: | The phylogenetic structure of the anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris was established based on sequence data generated for the 5′ end of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene at 11 sites throughout Southeast Asia. Considerable genetic structuring was observed throughout the range of
A. ocellaris. The region has a complex geography, with the Sunda shelf having been exposed during the lower sea levels associated with
periods of glaciation. The direction of subsequent flooding of the Sunda shelf, as a direct consequence of the retreating
glacial sheets, can be predicted based on the major river drainage systems in the region. Much of the phylogeographic structure,
including levels of intra-site genetic variation, can be explained in terms of the “seeding” of sites on the Sunda shelf,
by those on the shelf rim, as sea levels rose. We often found surface ocean currents in the region, which should influence
larval dispersal, to be poorly correlated with phylogeographic structure. Several geographically close sites, which appear
to be connected by surface currents, showed significant genetic stratification. We hypothesise that the phylogeographic structure
of A. ocellaris is more reminiscent of the Pleistocene sea level changes than surface currents. The high contribution of sea level changes
to the phylogeographic structure was also supported by several missing haplotypes in the generated spanning network. Cytb
DNA sequences generated for recently recruited A. ocellaris individuals sampled from Singapore indicate that, on a local scale, there is a directional inflow of recruits, which is dependent
on the monsoon seasons. The nature of dispersal and genetic structure of reef fish species found on the Sunda shelf is clearly
complex, and should take into consideration past phylogeographic events.
Received: 13 November 1999 / Accepted: 12 July 2000 |
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