中国农户耕地资源利用及效率变化的研究

根据两个时期农户资料的比较,对近1个世纪以来中国农户的耕地利用及效率变化进行了分析.农户耕地利用方面主要分析了户均耕地面积、耕地的细碎化、复种指数、种植结构及集约度等的变化;效率方面主要分析了农户的耕地生产率及农业劳动生产率的变化.结果表明,与80年前相比,目前我国农户户均耕地面积仅为当时的30%左右,但土地生产率却提高了2～4倍,农业劳动生产率提高了3倍以上.农业生物化学技术的进步及广泛应用是农业生产率提高的最重要原因.因此,我国的农业发展应该进一步重视生物化学技术的应用,重视能够保证生物化学技术得以实施的基础设施和基本条件的建设.同时,我们也应该考虑边际报酬递减规律的作用,在一些生物化学技术的边际报酬已经相当低的地区,要进行制度创新,通过规模的扩大来获得规模经济,进一步发挥机械技术的作用.

Change of China Arable Land Utilization and Its Efficiency for Nearly a Century in China:A Comparison Study Based on Buck's Survey

Based on the comparison of peasant data of two periods, this article analyzes the change of China peasant arable land utilization and its efficiency during the passed century. On arable land utilization, the article mainly focuses on the analysis and makes explanation on the change of peasant household arable land' s average acreage, multiple cropping index, growing structure and intensive degree, whereas on utilization efficiency the article mainly focuses on the arable land productivity and agro-labor productivity. Compared with 80 years ago, average acreage of arable land of present peasant household accounts for about 30% than the former, but the land productivity has improved 2-3 folds and over 3 folds for agro-labor productivity. The progress and extensive application of bio-chemistry technology accounted for the greatest part in this change. As a result, we should pay more attention on the application of biology and chemistry technology to develop China's agriculture, and we also should emphasize on constructing the infrastructure and basic condition to implement the biology and chemistry technology. At the same time, in some area where the revenue of biology and chemistry technology is very low, considering the decreasing law of marginal revenue, we should do system innovation and enlarge the operated scale to obtain the scale of economy and to improve function of the mechanism technology.