养殖池塘生态系统中磷的收支及解磷微生物的研究进展

综述了池塘养殖系统磷的收支情况.研究发现,在池塘养殖系统中,磷输出最主要的形式为底泥沉积,养殖池塘中存在着磷的总体利用效率不高,水体中活性磷含量低的问题.而解磷微生物的应用在一定程度上可有效解决上述问题,它们能将植物难以吸收利用的磷转化为可吸收利用的形态.通过阐述解磷微生物的种类、解磷效果及解磷机制,结合养殖池塘的情况,分析了将解磷微生物应用于水产养殖中的可行性,并对今后的研究方向作出了展望.结合我国水产养殖的实际情况,筛选适应池塘养殖环境的高效解磷微生物,并将其应用于池塘养殖中,使池塘沉积物中难溶性磷转化具备相当的可行性.

Progress in research of phosphorus budgets in aquaculture pond ecosystem and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms

The present paper is aimed at introducing the up-to-date advances in the research of phosphorus budgets in aquaculture pond ecosystem and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms. So far as we know, many studies have revealed that in the aquaculture ecosystem, the most important form of P output was the deposition of mud, however, the utilization rate of P was low. Therefore, if P fertilizers were applied regularly, it would be quickly fixed to unavailable forms and account for the low-level P application efficiency. Since great amount of phosphorus deposition in the sediment would increase not only the production cost, but also the increase of endogenous pollution. More specifically speaking, since phosphorus, the critical nutrient for pond aquaculture production, plays an important role in controlling the bio-organism productivity, it is necessary for the aquaculture ponds to properly apply phosphate fertilizer for the growth of phytoplankton. But, unfortunately, if too much P-fertilizer were put into the fish ponds, high P concentration sediment, in turn, would bring harms to the growth of aquaculture, as is seen in the deposition of mud. The reason is that the application of P solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) tends to resolve the issues of the microorganisms to some extent. However, in natural environments, PSMs are on the whole considered to play an important ecophysiological role which helps to mobilize insoluble phosphate for the plants to grow. Furthermore, PSMs are most common in aquatic and terrestrial environment and influence the P recycling in somewhat direct and indirect ways. So far, quite a number of PSMs (such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Erwinia, Escherichia, Agrobacterium, Serratia, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Streptomyces, et al) has been reported with PSMs isolated from the soil for the use of plant-growing promoters in the agriculture, though it is little reported in this way. In spite of this, lots of researches indicate that PSMs could be adapted to the aquatic environment, though PSMs may not be enough in natural ponds. For this need, it would be necessary or feasible to add some PSMs in such ponds. Therefore, while reviewing the P budget in the farming pond system, we have also systematically reviewed their P solubilization and the P solubilizing mechanisms of PSMs.