A review of chemical ecology in poison frogs |
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Authors: | Ralph A Saporito Maureen A Donnelly Thomas F Spande H Martin Garraffo |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH, 44118, USA 2. College of Arts and Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA 3. Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, DHHS, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Abstract: | Herein we review what is known about the chemical ecology of poison frogs with a focus on dendrobatid poison frogs. While five anuran families are known to have an alkaloid-derived chemical defense, the dendrobatids have been studied in greatest detail and provides chemical ecologists with a complex model system for understanding how chemical defenses operate in real time and may have evolved through evolutionary time. We describe the diversity of alkaloid defenses known from frogs, alkaloid sequestration, biosynthesis and modification, and we review what is known concerning arthropod sources for alkaloids. There is variation in nearly every attribute of the system and we try to describe some of the challenges associated with unraveling the complexities of this model system. |
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