The role of ecological context and predation risk-stimuli in revealing the true picture about the genetic basis of boldness evolution in fish |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Thomas?KlefothEmail author Christian?Skov Jens?Krause Robert?Arlinghaus |
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Institution: | 1.Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,Berlin,Germany;2.National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua),Technical University of Denmark,Silkeborg,Denmark;3.Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture,Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin,Berlin,Germany |
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Abstract: | To showcase the importance of genotype × environment interactions and the presence of predation risk in the experimental assessment
of boldness in fish, we investigated boldness in terms of feeding behavior and refuge use in two genetically different populations
of juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) in two replicated experimental conditions in ponds and laboratory tanks. The populations were expected to exhibit genetic
differences in boldness due to differential evolutionary adaptation to low-predation-risk pond aquaculture conditions. Boldness
was measured in variants of open-field trials with and without implementation of additional predation risk-stimuli by angling
on feeding spots. Without explicit implementation of risk, genotypes adapted to low-risk environments, i.e., domesticated
mirror carp behaved consistently bolder than their less domesticated scaled conspecifics in the pond environment, but not
in the laboratory environment. When we implemented artificial risk-stimuli by angling on previously safe feeding spots, boldness
differences among genotypes also emerged in the laboratory environment, indicating strong genotype × environment effects on
boldness behavior of carp. The expected genetic basis of boldness differences among genotypes was clearly supported in the
pond environment, while the laboratory study revealed these patterns only under inclusion of explicit risk-stimuli. Our study
thus underscores that boldness may involve both a basal component that is expressed independently of obvious predation risk
(e.g., in open fields) and a component revealed in relation to explicit predation risk, and both dimensions may respond differently
in behavioral tests. |
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