Wayfinding with a GPS-based mobile navigation system: A comparison with maps and direct experience |
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Authors: | Toru Ishikawa Hiromichi Fujiwara Osamu Imai Atsuyuki Okabe |
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Affiliation: | 1. Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;2. Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;3. Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan |
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Abstract: | This study examined the effectiveness of a Global Positioning System (GPS)-based mobile navigation system in comparison to paper maps and direct experience of routes, by focusing on the user's wayfinding behavior and acquired spatial knowledge. Based on information received from one of these three media, participants walked six routes finding the way to goals. Results showed that GPS users traveled longer distances and made more stops during the walk than map users and direct-experience participants. Also, GPS users traveled more slowly, made larger direction errors, drew sketch maps with poorer topological accuracy, and rated wayfinding tasks as more difficult than direct-experience participants. Characteristics of navigation with these three learning media and possible reasons for the ineffectiveness of the GPS-based navigation system are discussed. |
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Keywords: | Wayfinding Navigational aids Mobile systems Cognitive maps GPS |
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