Identification of two new cytochrome P450 genes and RNA interference to evaluate their roles in detoxification of commonly used insecticides in Locusta migratoria

Composite samples of Australian farmed Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi) (YTKF) (n = 27), Mulloway (Argyrosomus hololepidotus) (n = 6) and manufactured feed (n = 5) were analysed to benchmark levels of a broad range of residues and contaminants of potential public health and trade significance. A subset of these samples YTKF (n = 5), Mulloway (n = 2) and feed (n = 5)] was analysed for dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The mean concentration of dioxins in YTKF was 0.6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.22-0.8) and in Mulloway was 0.16 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.16-0.16). The mean concentration of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in YTKF was 2.6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 1.4-3.5), while Mulloway had a mean concentration of 0.67 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.57-0.76). The mean concentration of PCBs in YTKF was 21 μg kg⁻¹ (range 8.6-29) and in Mulloway was 5.4 μg kg⁻¹ (mean 4.7-6). The mean concentration of dioxin-like PCBs in YTKF was 2.1 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 1.2-2.8) and in Mulloway was 0.51 pg TEQ g⁻¹ (range 0.41-0.61). The mean mercury concentration in YTKF was 0.03 mg kg⁻¹ (range 0.02-0.05) and in Mulloway it was 0.02 mg kg⁻¹ (range 0.02-0.04). There were no detectable levels of any pesticide or antimicrobial compounds in any sample of YTKF or Mulloway. Attention is drawn to technical differences in port of entry testing programs such as sampling strategies, portion tested, laboratory methodology, residue definitions and reporting conventions that exporters’ products may be subject to. All residues and contaminants were either undetectable or present at very low levels when judged against Australian, Japanese and European Union regulatory standards (where set).