Interference asymmetries among age-sex classes of rufous hummingbirds during migratory stopovers |
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| Authors: | F. Lynn Carpenter Mark A. Hixon Robert W. Russell David C. Paton Ethan J. Temeles |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 92717 Irvine, CA, USA;(2) Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, 97331 Corvallis, OR, USA;(3) Department of Zoology, University of Adelaide, GPO Box 498, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;(4) National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 20008 Washington, DC, USA |
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| Abstract: | Summary Three age-sex classes of rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) overlap temporally and defend feeding territories during migratory stopovers in the Sierra Nevada of California. We demonstrate that these classes differ in their ability to secure and maintain high-quality feeding territories for refueling, and that these differences result in differences in resource use. Data on acquisition of territories, territory characteristics, and responses of territory owners to intruders suggest that several mechanisms are involved in determining dominance, involving sex- and age-related differences in wing disc loading, coloration, and experience. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding intraspecific variation in migration strategies.Correspondence to: F.L. Carpenter |
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| Keywords: | Intraspecific dominance Territoriality Migration Stopovers Hummingbirds |
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