Smallholder Agroforestry Systems For Carbon Storage |
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Authors: | James M Roshetko Rodel D Lasco Marian S Delos Angeles |
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Institution: | 1.Winrock International and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Research Programme, JI. CIFOR, Situ Gede,Sindang Barang Bogor,Indonesia;2.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Philippines, 2/F College of Forestry and Natural Resources Administration Bldg.,U.P. Los Ba?os, College,Laguna,Philippines;3.Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Division,World Bank Institute, The World Bank,Washington,USA |
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Abstract: | Most smallholder agroforestry systems in Southeast Asia are tree- and species-rich systems producing non-wood and wood products
for both home use and market sale. Due to their high biomass, these systems contain large carbon (C) stocks. While the systems
of individual farmers are of limited size, on a per area basis smallholder systems accumulate significant amounts of C, equaling
the amount of C stored in some secondary forests of similar age. Their ability to simultaneously address smallholders’ livelihood
needs and store large amounts of C makes smallholder systems viable project types under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
of the Kyoto Protocol, with its dual objective of emissions reduction and sustainable development. Smallholder systems have
not developed in areas where enabling conditions do not exist. A CDM project that facilitates a minimum threshold of enabling
conditions that make smallholder agroforestation possible should qualify for C credits. To secure smallholder confidence,
the agroforestry systems promoted through a CDM project must be socially and economically viable independent of C payments.
To assure system productivity and profitability, projects should provide farmers with technical and marketing assistance.
Additionally, project sites should meet the following preconditions: areas of underutilized low-biomass landuse systems available
for rehabilitation; smallholders interested in tree farming; accessible markets for tree products; supportive local governments;
sufficient infrastructure; and transparent and equitable relationships between project partners. Questions of leakage and
additionality should not be problematic and can be addressed through the project design, establishment of quantifiable baseline
data and facilitating enabling conditions. However, smallholder-focused CDM projects would have high transaction costs. The
subsequent challenge is thus to develop mechanisms that reduce the costs of: (a) making information (e.g., technology, markets)
more accessible to multiple clients; (b) facilitating and enforcing smallholder agreements and (c) designing feasible monitoring
systems. |
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Keywords: | enabling conditions local livelihoods smallholder agroforestry agroforestation smallholder CDM projects AR CDM LULUCF CERs C stocks transaction costs |
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