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Spatiotemporal Patterns and Risk Factors for Lead Exposure in Endangered California Condors during 15 Years of Reintroduction
Authors:TERRA R. KELLY  JESSE GRANTHAM  DANIEL GEORGE  ALACIA WELCH  JOSEPH BRANDT  L. JOSEPH BURNETT  KELLY J. SORENSON  MATTHEW JOHNSON  ROBERT POPPENGA  DAVID MOEN  JAMES RASICO  JAMES W. RIVERS  CARIE BATTISTONE  CHRISTINE K. JOHNSON
Affiliation:1. Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California‐Davis, , Davis, CA, 95616 U.S.A.;2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge, , Ventura, CA 93003 U.S.A;3. National Park Service, Pinnacles National Park, , Paicines, CA, 95043 U.S.A.;4. Ventana Wildlife Society, , Salinas, CA, 93908 U.S.A.;5. U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, , Corvallis, OR, 97331 U.S.A.;6. California Animal Health Food and Safety Laboratory System, University of California‐Davis, , Davis, CA, 95616 U.S.A.;7. Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, , Corvallis, OR, 97331 U.S.A.;8. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, , Sacramento, CA, 95811 U.S.A.
Abstract:Large‐scale poisoning events are common to scavenging bird species that forage communally, many of which are in decline. To reduce the threat of poisoning and compensate for other persistent threats, management, including supplemental feeding, is ongoing for many reintroduced and endangered vulture populations. Through a longitudinal study of lead exposure in California condors (Gymnogyps californianus), we illustrate the conservation challenges inherent in reintroduction of an endangered species to the wild when pervasive threats have not been eliminated. We evaluated population‐wide patterns in blood lead levels from 1997 to 2011 and assessed a broad range of putative demographic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors for elevated lead exposure among reintroduced California condors in California (United States). We also assessed the effectiveness of lead ammunition regulations within the condor's range in California by comparing condor blood lead levels before and after implementation of the regulations. Lead exposure was a pervasive threat to California condors despite recent regulations limiting lead ammunition use. In addition, condor lead levels significantly increased as age and independence from intensive management increased, including increasing time spent away from managed release sites, and decreasing reliance on food provisions. Greater independence among an increasing number of reintroduced condors has therefore elevated the population's risk of lead exposure and limited the effectiveness of lead reduction efforts to date. Our findings highlight the challenges of restoring endangered vulture populations as they mature and become less reliant on management actions necessary to compensate for persistent threats. Patrones Espaciotemporales y Factores de Riesgo por Exposición a Plomo en Cóndores de California Durante 15 Años de Reintroducción
Keywords:ecotoxicology  epidemiology  Gymnogyps californianus  scavenger  vulture  wildlife disease  Buitre  carroñ  ero  ecotoxicologí  a  enfermedad de vida silvestre  epidemiologí  a  Gymnogyps californianus
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