有机固废堆肥中产臭及除臭技术的微生物作用机制研究进展

持续推进有机固废资源化安全处置是国家环境管理的重要任务，也是落实"无废城市"发展路线的重要一环.堆肥是通过生物转化实现有机固废资源化利用的重要技术手段.然而，堆肥过程中会产生大量组分复杂的恶臭气体，已成为适应国家发展需求的资源化技术瓶颈.对有机固废堆肥恶臭气体的主要组成、生成转化的途径及核心微生物、生物除臭技术进行综述，结果表明:①堆肥中以NH₃、H₂S等含氮、硫类化合物为主要恶臭物质.②氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌及硫酸盐还原菌在恶臭气体生成转化途径中发挥主导作用，由ureC、amoA、napA、nosZ及dsrA等多个功能基因驱动完成；pH、温度等环境条件会影响微生物的活性，并作用于物质转化过程，最终影响到恶臭气体的产生.③原位添加微生物菌剂和异位生物反应器处理中的微生物将恶臭物质作为营养组分进行吸收降解，是绿色减排的重要技术. 

Review on Microbial Mechanism of Odor Generation and Deodorization Technology During Organic Solid Waste Composting

Continuing to promote the safe disposal of organic solid waste as a resource is an important task of national environmental management and an important part of the implementation of the development route of waste-free city. As a biotransformation technology, composting can realize the resource utilization of organic solid waste. However, the emission of odors from composting has become the bottleneck problem restricting resource recycling. The main composition, generation and transformation pathways, core microorganisms and biological deodorization technology in the process of organic solid waste composting are reviewed. The results show that: (1) Nitrogen and sulfur compounds such as NH₃ and H₂S are the main odor substances in the composting process. (2) Ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria play a significant role in the formation and transformation of malodorous gases driven by multiple functional genes such as ureC, amoA, napA, nosZ and dsrA. pH, temperature and other relevant environmental conditions can drive the activities of microorganisms, act on the material transformation process, and ultimately affect the production of odor gas. (3) In situ addition of microbial agents and ectopic bioreactor treatment of microorganisms can absorb and degrade odor substances as nutritional components, which is an important technology for green emission.