中国消费端食物浪费规模及其资源环境效应测算

食物浪费及其产生的资源环境问题与全球粮食安全密切相关,减少食物浪费逐渐被认为是保障粮食安全的Plan B。消费端是造成食物浪费的重要环节,消费者作为消费端食物浪费的主体,其在消费阶段产生的食物浪费是食物损耗与浪费的主要来源。本文采用直接称重法,在全国典型地区（北京、上海、四川、山东、河南和西藏）获取居民食物浪费的一手数据,首次在全国尺度上测算了消费端食物浪费总规模及其资源环境效应。结果显示：（1）2018年全国居民消费端食物浪费共3432万t,人均食物浪费量67.33 g/d,其中粮食浪费量占比最高（35.44%）,其次是蔬菜（34.83%）和肉类（15.38%）。（2）2018年全国居民消费端食物浪费所占用的生态足迹达6254万hm²,人均生态足迹为448 m²,按中国人均生态足迹1.5 hm²计算,相当于4169万人的生态位被挤占;水产类（39.28%）和肉类（34.22%）的生态足迹占比最大,分别为2456.23万hm²和2140.25万hm²。研究结果有助于推进我国消费端食物浪费的减量化,对于缓解食物浪费的环境影响和资源消耗压力、改善全球粮食安全等方面具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。

Measurement of the scale of food waste and its resources and environmental effects at the consumer segment in China

Food waste and its resulting resources and environmental problems are closely related to global food security, while reducing food waste is gradually considered as Plan B for it. As the main part of food waste at the consumption segment, food waste generated by consumer is the main source of food loss and waste. In this study, the direct weighing method was adopted to obtain first-hand data of food waste of residents in typical areas of China (Beijing, Shanghai, Sichuan, Shandong, Henan and Tibet), and for the first time, the total scale of food waste of residents' consumption and its resource and environmental effects were measured on a national scale. The results show that: (1) In 2018, a total of 34 million tons (67.33 g/d per capita) of food was wasted at the consumer segment in China. Grain waste accounted for the largest proportion (35.44%), followed by vegetables (34.83%) and meat (15.38%). (2) In 2018, food waste occupied 63 million hm² of ecological footprint in China, and the per capita ecological footprint was 448 m². Based on 1.5 hm² of ecological footprint per capita in China, the ecological niche of 42 million people was encroached. Aquatic products (39.28%) and meat (34.22%) accounted for the largest ecological footprint of food waste, amounting to 24.56 million hm² and 21.40 million hm², respectively. The research results are helpful to promote the reduction of food waste at the consumption segment, and have important reference value and significance for alleviating the environmental impact and resource consumption pressure of food waste and improving global food security.