我国塑料污染生命周期管理分析与建议

自20世纪50年代以来，全球塑料使用量急剧增长，塑料已成为人类生产生活不可或缺的重要组成部分，同时也带来严峻的塑料和微塑料污染.为全面加强塑料污染控制，提出从“原料—生产—分销—倾倒—回收（处理）”5个环节实行塑料污染生命周期管理.对我国塑料污染生命周期管理现状及存在问题进行了分析，目前我国在各环节均采取了相关的管理措施，包括立法、开展专项行动等，但仍存在塑料污染管理尚未实现生命周期全覆盖、某些法律法规缺乏实施细则以及部分政策难以落实等问题.在此基础上，借鉴国外塑料污染生命周期管理的经验，提出我国加强塑料污染生命周期管理的政策建议，主要包括:①在塑料原料管理方面，针对生产过程中可能存在微塑料泄露、废水排放等，应完善相关行业标准，鼓励减少化纤等容易造成泄漏的材料在衣物生产中的使用；②在设计生产方面，进一步贯彻落实涉及塑料加工、循环利用的管理规定，提出具体的微塑料循环指标和专项回收目标，同时对可生物降解塑料对环境的影响开展研究，并进一步完善其降解性能；③在分销使用方面，在严格执行“限塑令”的同时，对需求量大、与民生关系密切的塑料制品应分阶段逐步禁止，更加注重绿色产品的替代和新模式的探索，避免“一刀切”的管理模式；④在塑料垃圾倾倒方面，严格落实相关管理条例，并加强国际合作；⑤在塑料垃圾回收及处理方面，应完善含有塑料的垃圾回收处理工艺，在降低环境负面影响的同时实现二次资源的最大化利用. 

Improve Life Cycle Management of Plastic Pollution in China

Since the 1950s, the use of plastics has dramatically increased in industry and domestic life, and has become an indispensable part for human life. Meanwhile, it has created serious pollution of plastics and micro-plastics. In order to strengthen complete plastic pollution control, this study proposed five stages of life cycle management, namely, raw material-production-sale-disposal-recycling. The analysis of the present status and problems in the plastic pollution management indicated that although the countermeasures, including legislation and special actions were carried out at each stage, many problems still exist in the present management system, such as incomplete coverage of the life cycle management in the plastic pollution control, absence of detailed implementation rules in the legislation, enforcement difficulty of some management policies. Based on the above analysis and referencing foreign experiences in the management of plastic life cycle, this study puts forward policy suggestions to strengthen the life cycle management of the plastic pollution in China: (1) In the plastic raw material management, the industrial standards for potential leakage of micro-plastics and wastewater discharge in the production should be improved; and the materials that are easy to cause leakage such as chemical fibers should be encouraged not to be used in the cloth production. (2) In the production design, management regulations on plastic processes and recycling should be further implemented and the specific indices of micro-plastic recycling and recycling target should be brought forth. In the meanwhile, the impact of biodegradable plastics on the environment should be further studied and its degradability should be further improved. (3) In the sales and uses, in addition to strict implementation of regulations on plastic productions, it is suggested that plastic productions that are widely used in daily life should be banned gradually and green substitutions are highly encouraged to avoid "one size fits all" management mode. (4) In the disposal of plastic wastes, relative management ordinances should be strictly implemented, and international cooperation should be strengthened for the marine plastic problems. (5) In the recycling of plastic wastes, the recycling and processing techniques should be improved to reduce negative environment effects, while maximizing the recycling of the secondary resources.