红领巾儿童对红色旅游资源与爱国主义的认知——雨花台烈士陵园案例实证及启示

红色旅游资源利用需要重视儿童群体,强化儿童话语转换。采用妈妈语式访谈法、座谈访谈法、田野调查以及二手数据收集等多种方法,阐释儿童红色旅游的地方经验图式：（1）儿童认为红色旅游是以学校组织为主的、前往神圣/庄严的地方进行参观/仪式的研学旅行。雨花台不是一个“玩”的地方,而是美丽的风景空间、真实的历史空间和红色的神圣空间。（2）儿童认为“爱国主义=烈士精神+国家认同+信仰传承”;儿童对烈士产生了祖先崇拜的意识,并认为好好学习是对烈士最好的回报。（3）雨花台烈士陵园的解说词设计、小小讲解员及暑期夏令营、金牌讲解员进课堂等爱教活动设计,对于红色旅游资源利用如何强化儿童爱国主义教育具有启示意义。

Red scarf children's cognition of red tourism resources and patriotism: Evidence from Yuhuatai Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial Area in Nanjing

This study illustrates how China uses red tourism to strengthen patriotic education among its children. Taking the Yuhuatai Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial Area in Nanjing (hereinafter referred to as Yuhuatai) as the research case, this study integrates multiple methods, including structured Motherese interview to allow children to speak for themselves, unstructured in-depth interviews, field survey, and second-hand data collection, etc., to interpret whether there is likely another reality in the children's understandings of red tourism resources and patriotism. This study aims to demonstrate why and how patriotic education should start from childhood. The results illustrate that: (1) In children's eyes, compared with other types of tourism activities, red tourism is equivalent to patriotic tourism, with special significances given to visiting solemn places and to commemorating revolutionary martyrs. The particularity of red tourism is also reflected in the on-site activities and ceremonies. In children's eyes, Yuhuatai is not a play place for fun and freedom, but a beautiful landscape space, a real and sacred historical space, and a learning space of spirits. "Sacred, solemn, and beautiful" are the three recurring concepts that the children most used to describe Yuhuatai. They thought Yuhuatai has great significance for their learning and growth. Yuhuatai is a sacred space to clarify the meaning of the red scarf and the mission of CYP (China Young Pioneers) members. Obviously, red tourism has become an affectionate tie to China and the Chinese people, as well as among Chinese children. (2) In general, they treat patriotism as a lofty ideal, and the pureness of their patriotism reflects that patriotism can be evoked and learned deeply through tourism practices, especially at the beginning stage of life. In children's eyes, patriotism is a compound of bearing in mind of the martyrs' spirit, shaping national identity, and inheriting the martyrs' spirit. Patriotism can be started with small and simple daily things. They can practice patriotism and do their best through the following means, such as, studying harder, loving life, protecting the environment, and respecting the elderly. In recent years, Yuhuatai has launched a variety of means to promote patriotic education among children, including childlike narration around several martyrs' learning and growth stories for children visitors, recruitment of children narrators to exercise their comprehensive abilities and to incorporate them to participate in the publicity of "red heritage faith", colorful summer camp activities to promote patriotic education in the name of edutainment, co-construction of ideological and political curriculum with primary and secondary schools in Nanjing, and ceremonial education around specific occasions. The practice of Yuhuatai has important enlightenment for how to innovate the ways of promoting patriotic education among children for red tourist areas, especially for museums and memorial halls.