GIS和RS技术应用于流域水生生物时空分析的研究进展

近年来地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感系统（RS）（简称"2S技术"）在水文和环境领域得到了较为广泛的应用，但是如何在大流域尺度开展水生生物时空分析和退化诊断仍然是当前水生态学科的难点问题.本文面向新时期国家水生态质量管理重要需求和水生生物时空诊断学术前沿，全面梳理总结了近20年来2S技术在水生生物领域的研究进展，分别从GIS和RS的技术方法和应用等方面阐明了2S技术的适用性和优缺点.结果表明:近年来国内外针对2S技术在水生生物时空分析中的应用研究成果数量呈显著上升趋势，水生植物和叶绿素是该领域的研究热点；GIS技术在流域水生生物时空分析中的常用方法包括缓冲区分析法、叠加分析法和空间插值法，可以进行缓冲带划定、水生生物时空信息获取和趋势分析；RS技术可实现长序列水生生物数据的快速获取，主要包括经验模型、半经验模型和机理分析模型，可从空间尺度实现对水生生物的反向溯源和正向模拟预测.2S技术的联合应用将是未来大尺度水生态问题诊断的重要技术手段和发展趋势，能更好地定性和定量识别流域水生生物的时空变化规律；加快研发水生生物自动监测与快速识别等智能监测设备，实现5G技术、大数据分析、云计算、AI与2S技术的深度融合将是今后大尺度水生态时空问题诊断的重要发展趋势. 

Research Progress in Application of GIS and RS Technology in Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Watershed Aquatic Organisms

In recent years, geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing system (RS) (2S technology) have been widely used in the fields of hydrology and water environment. However, in the current water ecology research, how to scientifically analyze and diagnose the large-scale spatio-temporal ecological degradation of watershed is still a difficult problem. Considering the needs of quality management of water ecology and the spatiotemporal diagnosis of aquatic organisms in China, this paper comprehensively investigates the research progress in the application of 2S technology in aquatic organisms at home and abroad in the past 20 years, and expounds its applicability, advantages and disadvantages. The results show that in recent years, the main achievements of 2S technology in the spatio-temporal analysis of aquatic organisms have increased significantly, especially in the fields of aquatic plants and chlorophyll. In the spatio-temporal analysis of aquatic organisms in the watershed, the most popular methods of GIS technology are buffer zone analysis, overlay analysis and spatial interpolation, which can delimit buffer zone, calculate the spatio-temporal information of aquatic organisms and analyze the spatio-temporal trend of aquatic organisms. RS technology can rapidly acquire long-term data of aquatic organisms through empirical, semi-empirical and mechanism analytical models, which can spatially simulate and trace back the source of aquatic organisms. The application of 2S technology is an important and promising tool for spatio-temporal analysis of aquatic organisms in large-scale, which can better identify the spatio-temporal variation and the reasons of degeneration of aquatic organisms in the watershed. As for the future diagnosis of spatio-temporal problems of water ecological in large-scale, it is a significant direction to develop intelligent monitoring equipment, such as automatic monitoring and rapid identification of aquatic organisms, and integrate 5G technology, big data analysis, cloud computing, AI and 2S technology.