Biodegradation of multiple cyanobacterial metabolites in drinking water supplies |
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Authors: | Ho Lionel Tang Tim Monis Paul T Hoefel Daniel |
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Affiliation: | a Australian Water Quality Centre, South Australian Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia b School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia |
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Abstract: | The fate of multiple cyanobacterial metabolites was assessed in two Australian source waters. The saxitoxins were the only metabolites shown to be non-biodegradable in Myponga Reservoir water, while microcystin-LR (MCLR) and geosmin were biodegradable in this water source. Likewise, cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was shown to be biodegradable in River Murray water. The order of ease of biodegradability followed the trend: MCLR > CYN > geosmin > saxitoxins. Biodegradation of the metabolites was affected by temperature and seasonal variations with more rapid degradation at 24 °C and during autumn compared with 14 °C and during winter. A microcystin-degrading bacterium was isolated and shown to degrade four microcystin variants within 4 h. This bacterium, designated as TT25, was shown to be 99% similar to a Sphingopyxis sp. based on a 16S rRNA gene fragment. Isolate TT25 was shown to contain a homologue of the mlrA gene; the sequence of which was 99% similar to that of a previously reported microcystin-degrader. Furthermore, isolate TT25 could degrade the microcystins in the presence of copper sulphate (0.5 mg L−1 as Cu2+) which is advantageous for water authorities dosing such algicides into water bodies to control cyanobacterial blooms. |
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Keywords: | Biodegradation Cyanobacteria Cylindrospermopsin Geosmin Microcystins Saxitoxins |
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