Replacing car trips by increasing bike and public transport in the greater Barcelona metropolitan area: A health impact assessment study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States;2. Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia;3. Duke University, Durham, NC, United States;4. Environmental Protection Division — Air Protection Branch — Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA, United States;1. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland;2. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;3. Lufthygieneamt beider Basel, Departement für Wirtschaft, Soziales und Umwelt Basel-Stadt, Germany;4. Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;5. TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands;6. WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Bonn, Germany;7. Université de Montréal, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, École de santé publique, Canada;8. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece;9. Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Thermi, Greece;10. Bielefeld University, School of Public Health, Department 7 Environment & Health, Bielefeld, Germany;11. Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Section for Exposure Assessment and Health Indicators, Germany;12. Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland;13. School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveEstimate the health risks and benefits of mode shifts from car to cycling and public transport in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain.MethodsWe conducted a health impact assessment (HIA), creating 8 different scenarios on the replacement of short and long car trips, by public transport or/and bike. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality and change in life expectancy related to two different assessments: A) the exposure of travellers to physical activity, air pollution to particulate matter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and road traffic fatality; and B) the exposure of general population to PM2.5, modelling by Barcelona Air-Dispersion Model. The secondary outcome was a change in emissions of carbon dioxide.ResultsThe annual health impact of a shift of 40% of the car trips, starting and ending in Barcelona City, to cycling (n = 141,690) would be for the travellers who shift modes 1.15 additional deaths from air pollution, 0.17 additional deaths from road traffic fatality and 67.46 deaths avoided from physical activity resulting in a total of 66.12 deaths avoided. Fewer deaths would be avoided annually if half of the replaced trips were shifted to public transport (43.76 deaths). The annual health impact in the Barcelona City general population (n = 1,630,494) of the 40% reduction in car trips would be 10.03 deaths avoided due to the reduction of 0.64% in exposure to PM2.5. The deaths (including travellers and general population) avoided in Barcelona City therefore would be 76.15 annually. Further health benefits would be obtained with a shift of 40% of the car trips from the Greater Barcelona Metropolitan which either start or end in Barcelona City to public transport (40.15 deaths avoided) or public transport and cycling (98.50 deaths avoided).The carbon dioxide reduction for shifting from car to other modes of transport (bike and public transport) in Barcelona metropolitan area was estimated to be 203,251 t/CO2 emissions per year.ConclusionsInterventions to reduce car use and increase cycling and the use of public transport in metropolitan areas, like Barcelona, can produce health benefits for travellers and for the general population of the city. Also these interventions help to reduce green house gas emissions. |
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