Remediation of water pollution caused by pharmaceutical residues based on electrochemical separation and degradation technologies: A review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles (Madrid), Spain;2. Instituto IMDEA Energía, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;1. School of Physics and Electronic-Information Engineering, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432100, China;2. School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China;3. Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China;5. Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, and Griffith School of Environment, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia;1. Laboratório de Eletroquímica e Materiais Nanoestruturados (LEMN), Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Rua Santa Adélia, 166, 09210-170 Santo André, SP, Brazil;2. Laboratori d’Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;1. Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, P59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil;2. Postgraduate Program in Petroleum Engineering Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, P59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil;3. National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Unesp, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | In the last years, the decontamination and disinfection of waters by means of direct or integrated electrochemical processes are being considered as a very appealing alternative due to the significant improvement of the electrode materials and the coupling with low-cost renewable energy sources. Many electrochemical technologies are currently available for the remediation of waters contaminated by refractory organic pollutants such as pharmaceutical micropollutants, whose presence in the environment has become a matter of major concern. Recent reviews have focused on the removal of pharmaceutical residues upon the application of other important methods like ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Here, we present an overview on the electrochemical methods devised for the treatment of pharmaceutical residues from both, synthetic solutions and real pharmaceutical wastewaters. Electrochemical separation technologies such as membrane technologies, electrocoagulation and internal micro-electrolysis, which only isolate the pollutants from water, are firstly introduced. The fundamentals and experimental set-ups involved in technologies that allow the degradation of pharmaceuticals, like anodic oxidation, electro-oxidation with active chlorine, electro-Fenton, photoelectro-Fenton and photoelectrocatalysis among others, are further discussed. Progress on the promising solar photoelectro-Fenton process devised and further developed in our laboratory is especially highlighted and documented. The abatement of total organic carbon or reduction of chemical oxygen demand from contaminated waters allows the comparison between the different methods and materials. The routes for the degradation of the some pharmaceuticals are also presented. |
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