Rice consumption contributes to low level methylmercury exposure in southern China |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China;2. Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada;3. Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China;4. Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China;1. University of South Carolina, Arnold School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 921 Assembly Street, Room 401, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;2. United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;3. Brooks Rand Instruments, 4415 6th Ave NW, Seattle, WA 98107, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China;3. Department of Ecosystems Science and Management, University of Wyming, 82071, United States;4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden;5. Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;6. School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, CAS, Changsha, 410000, China;1. College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, China;2. Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, China;3. The National Long- Term Fertilizer Experimental Station in Purple Soil, Southwest University, China;4. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China;2. College of Resources Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China;3. Soil and Earth Sciences, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;1. School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forest University, Lin''an, Zhejiang Province 311300, PR China;2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China;3. College of Law and Political Science, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin''an, Zhejiang Province 311300, PR China;4. Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China |
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| Abstract: | Fish consumption is considered as the primary pathway of human methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. However, recent studies highlighted that, rice, rather than fish, is the main route of human MeHg exposure in Guizhou, inland China. China is considered as the largest anthropogenic source of mercury (Hg) emission in the world, which has led to serious environmental Hg pollution. But there are no comprehensive studies regarding this environmental health problem to evaluate human Hg exposure and associated health effects. This study aimed to estimate daily MeHg intake and health risk in 7 provinces in southern China, and to assess the relative contribution from rice and fish consumption. The average levels of total mercury (THg) and MeHg in rice samples were generally low at 10.1 ng·g? 1 and 2.47 ng·g? 1, respectively. But a total of 36 rice samples (12.7%) had THg concentration exceeding the national limit (20 ng·g? 1). Generally, rural population had significantly higher Probable Daily Intakes (PDIs) of MeHg than urban population from rice consumption and its relative contribution to MeHg exposure increased significantly from coastal to inland area. The averages of PDIs of MeHg were 0.020 μg·kg? 1·d? 1 and 0.028 μg·kg? 1·d? 1 for urban and rural population in southern China, respectively. Despite the serious environmental Hg pollutions in China, the general population in southern China had low risk of MeHg exposure. But rice is an important route of human MeHg exposure in southern China, especially for the rural population in inland area. The findings indicate that rice consumption should be considered when evaluating MeHg exposure in rice eating population in southern China. |
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